🔡 Word Families — Sarf

Arabic words belong to families derived from a common root (جذر). Each root has a core idea that connects all words in its family.

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Learn roots, not rules

When you see a new word, ask: what root does it come from, and what idea does that root carry? Tap + related words to see the full root family.

16 verbs in this chapter

Lesson Word

اِتَّصَلَ (بـ)

To connect / call

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ت ص ل

Word Family

ت ص ل

اِتَّصَلَ (بـ)Dictionary Form

يَتَّصِلُPresent Form

اِتَّصِلْCommand Form

اِتِّصَالAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

اِتَّصَلَ (بـْتُ

You (M)

اِتَّصَلَ (بـْتَ

You (F)

اِتَّصَلَ (بـْتِ

اِتَّصَلَ (بـ)

She

اِتَّصَلَ (بـ)تْ

اِتَّصَلَ (بـْنَا

You (Plural)

اِتَّصَلَ (بـْتُمْ

They

اِتَّصَلَ (بـُوا

Command Form:اِتَّصِلْ

Action Noun:اِتِّصَال

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Special Root Family

Hamzated Root

ؤ ث ر — This root contains a hamza (ء). Hamza spelling follows standard Arabic orthography rules and does not change the meaning or pronunciation significantly.

Lesson Word

أَثَّرَ

To affect

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ؤ ث ر

Word Family

ؤ ث ر

أَثَّرَDictionary Form

يُؤَثِّرُPresent Form

أَثِّرْCommand Form

تَأْثِيرAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

أَثَّرْتُ

You (M)

أَثَّرْتَ

You (F)

أَثَّرْتِ

أَثَّرَ

She

أَثَّرَتْ

أَثَّرْنَا

You (Plural)

أَثَّرْتُمْ

They

أَثَّرُوا

Command Form:أَثِّرْ

Action Noun:تَأْثِير

Lesson Word

اِزْدَهَرَ

To flourish / thrive

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ز ه ر

Word Family

ز ه ر

اِزْدَهَرَDictionary Form

يَزْدَهِرُPresent Form

اِزْدَهِرْCommand Form

اِزْدِهَارAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

اِزْدَهَرْتُ

You (M)

اِزْدَهَرْتَ

You (F)

اِزْدَهَرْتِ

اِزْدَهَرَ

She

اِزْدَهَرَتْ

اِزْدَهَرْنَا

You (Plural)

اِزْدَهَرْتُمْ

They

اِزْدَهَرُوا

Command Form:اِزْدَهِرْ

Action Noun:اِزْدِهَار

Lesson Word

اِسْتَعْمَرَ

To colonize

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ع م ر

Root Insight

Core Idea — Life as duration — and the flourishing that fills that time.

·a lifetime, lifespan
·building, inhabiting (ʿimārah)
·civilisation (the full use of a lifetime)
·the ʿUmrah pilgrimage (visiting to dwell briefly)

Related concepts: life, age, civilisation, building, inhabiting, Umrah

Word Family

ع م ر

اِسْتَعْمَرَDictionary Form

يَسْتَعْمِرُPresent Form

اِسْتَعْمِرْCommand Form

اِسْتِعْمَارAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

اِسْتَعْمَرْتُ

You (M)

اِسْتَعْمَرْتَ

You (F)

اِسْتَعْمَرْتِ

اِسْتَعْمَرَ

She

اِسْتَعْمَرَتْ

اِسْتَعْمَرْنَا

You (Plural)

اِسْتَعْمَرْتُمْ

They

اِسْتَعْمَرُوا

Command Form:اِسْتَعْمِرْ

Action Noun:اِسْتِعْمَار

Lesson Word

أَقْرَضَ

To loan

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ق ر ض

Word Family

ق ر ض

أَقْرَضَDictionary Form

يُقْرِضُPresent Form

أَقْرِضْCommand Form

إِقْرَاضAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

أَقْرَضْتُ

You (M)

أَقْرَضْتَ

You (F)

أَقْرَضْتِ

أَقْرَضَ

She

أَقْرَضَتْ

أَقْرَضْنَا

You (Plural)

أَقْرَضْتُمْ

They

أَقْرَضُوا

Command Form:أَقْرِضْ

Action Noun:إِقْرَاض

Lesson Word

تَعَلَّمَ

To learn

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ع ل م

Word Family

ع ل م

تَعَلَّمَDictionary Form

يَتَعَلَّمُPresent Form

تَعَلَّمْCommand Form

تَعَلُّمAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

تَعَلَّمْتُ

You (M)

تَعَلَّمْتَ

You (F)

تَعَلَّمْتِ

تَعَلَّمَ

She

تَعَلَّمَتْ

تَعَلَّمْنَا

You (Plural)

تَعَلَّمْتُمْ

They

تَعَلَّمُوا

Command Form:تَعَلَّمْ

Action Noun:تَعَلُّم

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Special Root Family

Hollow Root

ج ي ء — This root has a weak middle letter (و or ي). Arabic naturally softens or shortens this letter in some forms — this is a regular Arabic pattern.

Lesson Word

جَاءَ

To come

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ج ي ء

Word Family

ج ي ء

جَاءَDictionary Form

يَجِيءُPresent Form

جِئْCommand Form

مَجِيءAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

جَاءَ

She

جَاءَتْ

Command Form:جِئْ

Action Noun:مَجِيء

Lesson Word

حَارَبَ

To fight against

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ح ر ب

Word Family

ح ر ب

حَارَبَDictionary Form

يُحَارِبُPresent Form

حَارِبْCommand Form

مُحَارَبَةAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

حَارَبْتُ

You (M)

حَارَبْتَ

You (F)

حَارَبْتِ

حَارَبَ

She

حَارَبَتْ

حَارَبْنَا

You (Plural)

حَارَبْتُمْ

They

حَارَبُوا

Command Form:حَارِبْ

Action Noun:مُحَارَبَة

Lesson Word

شَجَّعَ

To encourage / promote

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ش ج ع

Word Family

ش ج ع

شَجَّعَDictionary Form

يُشَجِّعُPresent Form

شَجِّعْCommand Form

تَشْجِيعAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

شَجَّعْتُ

You (M)

شَجَّعْتَ

You (F)

شَجَّعْتِ

شَجَّعَ

She

شَجَّعَتْ

شَجَّعْنَا

You (Plural)

شَجَّعْتُمْ

They

شَجَّعُوا

Command Form:شَجِّعْ

Action Noun:تَشْجِيع

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Special Root Family

Hollow Root

ق و ى — This root has a weak middle letter (و or ي). Arabic naturally softens or shortens this letter in some forms — this is a regular Arabic pattern.

Lesson Word

قَوِيَ

To be strong(er)

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ق و ى

Word Family

ق و ى

قَوِيَDictionary Form

يَقْوَىPresent Form

اِقْوَCommand Form

قُوَّةAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

قَوِيَ

She

قَوِيَتْ

Command Form:اِقْوَ

Action Noun:قُوَّة

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Special Root Family

Hamzated Root

ن ش أ — This root contains a hamza (ء). Hamza spelling follows standard Arabic orthography rules and does not change the meaning or pronunciation significantly.

Lesson Word

نَشَأَ

To originate from

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ن ش أ

Word Family

ن ش أ

نَشَأَDictionary Form

يَنْشَأُPresent Form

اِنْشَأْCommand Form

نَشْأَةAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

نَشَأْتُ

You (M)

نَشَأْتَ

You (F)

نَشَأْتِ

نَشَأَ

She

نَشَأَتْ

نَشَأْنَا

You (Plural)

نَشَأْتُمْ

They

نَشَأُوا

Command Form:اِنْشَأْ

Action Noun:نَشْأَة

Lesson Word

نَطَقَ

To pronounce

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ن ط ق

Word Family

ن ط ق

نَطَقَDictionary Form

يَنْطِقُPresent Form

اِنْطِقْCommand Form

نُطْقAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

نَطَقْتُ

You (M)

نَطَقْتَ

You (F)

نَطَقْتِ

نَطَقَ

She

نَطَقَتْ

نَطَقْنَا

You (Plural)

نَطَقْتُمْ

They

نَطَقُوا

Command Form:اِنْطِقْ

Action Noun:نُطْق

Lesson Word

هَجَرَ

To abandon

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ه ج ر

Word Family

ه ج ر

هَجَرَDictionary Form

يَهْجُرُPresent Form

اُهْجُرْCommand Form

هِجْرَةAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

هَجَرْتُ

You (M)

هَجَرْتَ

You (F)

هَجَرْتِ

هَجَرَ

She

هَجَرَتْ

هَجَرْنَا

You (Plural)

هَجَرْتُمْ

They

هَجَرُوا

Command Form:اُهْجُرْ

Action Noun:هِجْرَة

Lesson Word

تَحَدَّثَ

To speak / talk

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ح د ث

Word Family

ح د ث

تَحَدَّثَDictionary Form

يَتَحَدَّثُPresent Form

تَحَدَّثْCommand Form

تَحَدُّثAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

تَحَدَّثْتُ

You (M)

تَحَدَّثْتَ

You (F)

تَحَدَّثْتِ

تَحَدَّثَ

She

تَحَدَّثَتْ

تَحَدَّثْنَا

You (Plural)

تَحَدَّثْتُمْ

They

تَحَدَّثُوا

Command Form:تَحَدَّثْ

Action Noun:تَحَدُّث

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Special Root Family

Hamzated Root

ؤ ل ف — This root contains a hamza (ء). Hamza spelling follows standard Arabic orthography rules and does not change the meaning or pronunciation significantly.

Lesson Word

أَلَّفَ

To author

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ؤ ل ف

Word Family

ؤ ل ف

أَلَّفَDictionary Form

يُؤَلِّفُPresent Form

أَلِّفْCommand Form

تَأْلِيفAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

أَلَّفْتُ

You (M)

أَلَّفْتَ

You (F)

أَلَّفْتِ

أَلَّفَ

She

أَلَّفَتْ

أَلَّفْنَا

You (Plural)

أَلَّفْتُمْ

They

أَلَّفُوا

Command Form:أَلِّفْ

Action Noun:تَأْلِيف

Lesson Word

أَنْزَلَ

To bring down / reveal

Dictionary Form — the base form used in Arabic dictionaries. All other forms of this verb are built from this base.

Root (جذر)

ن ز ل

Word Family

ن ز ل

أَنْزَلَDictionary Form

يُنْزِلُPresent Form

أَنْزِلْCommand Form

إِنْزَالAction Noun

Grammar Details — All Conjugated Forms

أَنْزَلْتُ

You (M)

أَنْزَلْتَ

You (F)

أَنْزَلْتِ

أَنْزَلَ

She

أَنْزَلَتْ

أَنْزَلْنَا

You (Plural)

أَنْزَلْتُمْ

They

أَنْزَلُوا

Command Form:أَنْزِلْ

Action Noun:إِنْزَال

🔄 Practice Conjugation

Test yourself on all conjugated forms